Female elephants do use their tusks, but female elephants in Mozambique are doing just fine without them, according to Long. From Garamba, Kony signaled his desire for peace with Uganda, sending emissaries to neutral Juba, in southern Sudan, to negotiate with Ugandan officials while he and his men lived unmolested in and around the park, protected by a cease-fire agreement. Mozambiques civil war from 1977 to 1992 had a grim outcome for elephants: During that time, some 90% were killed for the ivory in their tusks, which were sold to finance the war. You know, yet those actions - right? Despite Sudans role as a safe haven for groups known to traffic ivory, such as the LRA, janjaweed, and other poaching gangs, the country has drawn limited official attention as a poaching state. AUDIO: Justin O'Neill. Because there were no tuskless males, the researchers suspected the trait might be caused by genes on the x chromosome, including a dominant one for tusklessness and a recessive one lethal only to males. It was just impossible to stay. Michael Onen, the defector from Konys army, told me that the LRA and the janjaweed had battled over ivory, with one group robbing the other, and that it was the janjaweeds success in trading ivory that originally gave Kony the idea to start killing elephants. Copyright 2021 NPR. "Not only do they recognize each other's calls, but the calls go far," she told NPR correspondent Alex Chadwick, who spent days with her back then, observing the elephants with Bill McQuay. National Geographic commissioned the creation of artificial tusks with hidden GPS trackers that were planted in the smuggling supplychain. These LRA defectorsall abducted as children and pressed into servicenow fight for the Ugandan military. That evening, they floated by a village. For ten years Khartoum supplied him with food, medicine, and arms, including automatic rifles, antiaircraft guns, rocket-propelled grenades, and mortars. It was just after 4 a.m. on Heban hill, in Chad, 80 miles from the Sudanese border and 60 miles northeast of Zakouma National Park, home to the countrys largest remaining elephant herd, 450 animals. Unlike Savanna elephants, forest elephants don't have natural predators, such as lions. In ten years hes never made a mistake, he says: The tusks are real. Shane Campbell-Staton, an evolutionary biologist now at Princeton University, was curious about the elephants of Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, where tuskless elephantswhich are all femaleare unusually common. 'They seem like white elephants . My artificial tusks sit motionless for several weeks, a pair of tear-shaped blue dots on my computer screen, which displays a digital map of the eastern corner of CAR. This project was made possible by a grant from The WoodtigerFund. Then youre just the man for me.. To her relief, the men turned out to be local. As we talk over my design needs, Dantes brown eyes sparkle like a boys on Christmas morning. Was it genetically inherited at all? When humans hunt, they can cause their quarry to evolve by targeting individuals with particular traits, like big fish or sheep with hefty horns. A few days later the tusks proceed to Songo, the Sudanese market town where Onen said Konys men trade ivory. The poachers opened fire, killing five rangers. He said: "We actually expect that this syndrome will decrease in frequency in our study population, provided that the conservation picture continues to stay as positive as it has been recently. I order a satellite shot of their location from DigitalGlobe, a commercial vendor of space imagery, and ask for outside help interpreting it. They say the more elephants they kill, the more ivory they get.. His control is absolute.. After visiting Garamba, I arrange with a confidential source to put my tusks into the black market near Mboki, a small village in CAR midway between Garamba and Sudan that has been the target of attacks by Konys army and where some people who have escaped from Kony have found safety. FANIE PELLETIER: It's one of the most detailed example of how human activity can influence the genes of a population. In the criminal world, ivory operates as currency, so in a way Im asking Dante to print counterfeit money I canfollow. She had gone to Africa to do aid work, but was drawn to the intricate lives of these elephants. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. He sits on a plastic chair opposite me in a clearing at the African Union forces base in Obo, in the southeastern corner of CAR, where he is in custody. While Dante set about embedding Kermeens tracker inside his tusk mold, a third team member, John Flaig, a specialist in near-space, balloon-based photographyimages taken from at least the height of spy planeswas preparing to monitor the tusks as they moved. Andrea Turkalo /The Elephant Listening Project. When I ask, How many of you have been kidnapped by the LRA?I understand why. In 2009 Bashir became the worlds first sitting head of state indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague for war crimes and crimes against humanity. In village after village along the road between Father Sugules church and what is now South Sudan, I meet Kony victims who describe being fed elephant meat and how, after elephants were killed, militants took the ivory away. Zakoumas Mamba Team 1 antipoaching unit includes driver Issa Adoum (brown shirt). COPY EDITOR: Cindy Leitner, Hear Brent Stirton tell their stories in an audioslideshow, Hear Bryan Christy discuss the investigation on. She looks at the floor while her friends whisper to each other, smile radiantly, and nibble on cookies weve brought for them. On the 15th day after they began to move, they cross into South Sudan and from there make their way into the Kafia Kingi enclave, a disputed territory in Darfur controlled bySudan. Dry season in, rainy season out. Rogue militias and army soldiers from the DRC, Sudan, and South Sudan are slaughtering elephants in the park. During those years Sudanese poachers arrived in groups of more than a dozen armed men, camping inside the park for months at a time, killing, in one instance, 64 elephants in a single hunt. To enjoy the CBBC Newsround website at its best you will need to have JavaScript turned on. It sort of found me. By skewing their evolution, humans fiddle with elephants' role in the ecosystem too. Instead of being made a soldier, he was designated a signalera radioman privy to Konys secret communications. ", Turkalo says she walked up to the man in charge and saw he had an AK-47 assault rifle. VIDEO: J.J. Kelley, NG Studios. We are in charge of the futures of our animals and earth and making a world for future generations to thrive in. By the time you read this, my tusks might have gone to Khartoum. Seven surgeries later shes forgiven them. But we also discovered field biologist Andrea Turkalo, who's now a conservation scientist with the Wildlife Conservation Society. All of central Africa is a hand grenade, its pin pulled by a history of resource exploitation from abroad, dictatorships, and poverty. Nov. 6, 1954. It was to become her home, and her life's work. November 6, 1954, Page 3 Buy Reprints. It was several weeks after that, that she heard that poachers taking advantage of the chaos in the country had invaded the bai. "So we heard this 'rat-a-tat-tat.' Father Sugule introduces me to three young girls, recent LRA kidnapping victims, who are sitting on a wooden bench in his church. Theyre looting communities, enslaving people, and killing park rangers who get in their way. ". Sugule is the founder of a group that provides assistance to victims of Konys army. They used Historical records to collect height (estimated to the shoulder), tusk length, and tusk circumference from approximately 600 elephants that were culled in Tsavo East National Park (Kenya) and Mkomazi National Park (Tanzania) between 1966 and 1968. But in the generation born after the war, the rate was 33%, according to decades of observations by the nonprofit group ElephantVoices. And someoneits unclear whois believed to be killing elephants from helicopters, as evidenced by bullet holes in the tops of skulls and the removal of tusks by what can only be chain saws. She and other scientists also recorded their calls. Konys force has declined from a peak of 2,700 combatants in 1999 to an estimated 150 to 250 core fighters today. Read about our approach to external linking. This pushed the species to the brink of extinction. I will escape from your jail, and I will kill him. He did escape, and a rumor in Zakouma is that he fled south to CAR. Soldiers killed elephants for their ivory tusks, which were extremely valuable. On some days more then 100 elephants at at a time visit the clearing. National Geographic needs your help to protect elephants and to continue reporting on wildlife crime. As Somalia is to piracy, Sudan has become to elephant poaching. Now, says the parks director, Rian Labuschagne, of African Parks, my biggest fear is that theyll start coming in pairs.. It was used to make combs, pool balls, knick-knacks, and even piano keys. But when I ask a gathering of children and elders in the village of Kpaika, about 30 miles from the parks western border, how many of them have visited Garamba, no one raises a hand. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Kevin DiCesare, Joel Fiser, Jaime Hritsik, Brian Jacobs. No one has. "We were all women five women." That members of the Sudanese military trade arms for ivory with the LRA raises questions about the highest levels of Sudans government. Elephant ivory is a key source of funding for armed groups in central Africa . Katy Payne/The Elephant Listening Project, Former Commando Turns Conservationist To Save Elephants Of Dzanga Bai. World Elephant Day: Ten reasons we love elephants, Elephants counted from space for conservation project. A global march demanding action to stop elephant and rhino poaching will be held . Sudan is also a well-documented supplier of ivory to Egypt and is the recipient of substantial Chinese infrastructure investment, which typically comes with Chinese workers, a source of ivory smuggling in many parts of Africa. The LRA sells to the Sudan Armed Forces, Onen said. On January 2, 2009, the horror bled into Garambas headquarters, at Nagero, where Kony soldiers burned the park rangers main building, destroyed equipment, and killed at least eight rangers and staff members. What can be done to help save the elephants? During a civil war in the country, that lasted from 1977 to 1992, up to 90% of Mozambique's elephant population was killed, mainly for their ivory tusks. CORNISH: The upshot, which they published this week in the journal Science, is that females without tusks are pretty likely to have tuskless babies, which is why the trait was becoming so prevalent. By 1979, there were only 1.3 million elephants left. Sudan is not on these lists, even though Sudanese poachers are a primary reason elephants are killed in several of the countries listed by CITES as of primary or secondary concern. (Special thanks to the National Public Radio - National Geographic Society Radio Expeditions Sound Collection at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, for sharing the audio.). They included South Sudanese armed forces (SPLA) and Sudanese military, as well as defectors from those militaries and an assortment of Sudan-based rebels. Elephants without tusks were normally left alone by hunters, so this made it more likely they would breed and pass on the tuskless trait to their children. As far as Onen knew, the poaching squad he abandoned was still making its way north from Garamba through CAR to Sudan. Normally both male and female African elephants have tusks, which are really a pair of massive teeth. Later, when Labuschagne examined the trajectory of bullets at the scene, he concluded that the poachers had been trained in how to set up a cross fire, which, combined with evidence found at the scene, pointed to President Omar al-Bashirs Sudan Armed Forces. Six years later, on October 25, 2014, Onen tells me, his poaching mission to Garamba was scheduled to deliver its ivory to Kony in Sudan. The focus of the series was on nature, diverse cultures, and endangered environments.Its intent, according its creator Carolyn Jensen, who passed away in 2010, was to give listeners the sound equivalent of National Geographic photos. Like much of the world, George Dante knows that the African elephant is under siege. Ivory operates as a savings account for Kony, says Marty Regan, of the U.S. State Departments Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations. A young elephant splashes in a stream that runs through the bai. Elephants gather in the Dzanga bai, a forest clearing the size of several football fields. I need Schreger lines too, George, I say, referring to the cross-hatching on the butt of a sawn tusk that looks like growth rings of a tree trunk. Those looking at the x-ray screen, which shows the trackers inside, think Im smuggling a bomb. b. percentage of elephants killed . They can get what they want today, he said, and keep it there for two, three, or even more than five years.. By 1913, the African elephant population had dropped to an estimated 10 million. Some 30,000 African elephants die each year at the hands of poachers to satisfy the global demand for ivory. The Ugandan military finally attacked Konys Garamba camps in late 2008. A white elephant is a valuable item that has a rate that perhaps surpasses its usefulness. I unzip my suitcase to expose two fake tusks and hand him letters from the U.S. Seleka and its rival, anti-Balaka, have set fire to people, thrown them off bridges, and murdered people wantonly, turning CAR into a lawless statethe kind of place where Konys group and other terrorist organizations thrive. So 50% of her daughters will be tusked. On September 11, 2014, Michael Onen, a sergeant in Konys army, walked out of Garamba National Park carrying an AK-47, five magazines of ammunition, and a story. Issa, who is Chadian, said he joined the team of three Sudanese men and that together they rode more than two weeks to get to Heban, where they killed nine elephants in four days. But in central Africa, as I learned firsthand, something more sinister is driving the killing: Militias and terrorist groups funded in part by ivory are poaching elephants, often outside their home countries, and even hiding inside national parks. She well remembers the day when the war came to the bai. Geli Oh perks up at the word elephant. She saw many elephants in Garamba National Park, she says, which is where the LRA took her. The cook, Djimet Said (below), was shot but survived, walking 11 miles to the nearest village for help. That's so terrible! Among the recent casualties was a group of rare forest elephants in the Central African Republic. The park has lost all its rhinos to poaching for their horns. During the rains the park is more lake than land, and elephants split into two groups to escape the floods. Ivory poachers are killing some 22,000 African elephants a year. It's called the Dzanga bai a clearing the size of several football fields that's rich in the mineralized mud that the elephants depend on. Having worked extensively throughout central Africa, Froment transferred to Garamba in early 2014 after rangers discovered dozens of elephant carcasses in the park. I spend a night in police custody, where Im given a desk to sleep on. Six antipoaching rangers and their cook, the entirety of the Hippotrague (French for roan antelope) unit, were awake, dressed in camouflage uniforms, and preparing for morning prayersdevoted even in the darkness. Garamba is a crucible within a crucible, a park under siege in a country often in civil war in a region that has nearly forgotten peace. These jumbo foragers are masterful engineers of their surroundings. It's nothing extraordinary for humans. Elephant slaughter increased in the 1950s, where it is estimated that 250 elephants were killed per day. During the failed peace talks with Uganda, while Kony hid in Garamba from 2006 to 2008, Onen had been assigned to Konys lead peace negotiator, Vincent Otti. It hadnt explodedyet. Why are you collecting ivory? Otti demanded of Kony. Garamba National Park, in the northeast corner of the DRC and on the border with South Sudan, is a UNESCO World Heritage site, internationally famous for its elephants and its boundless ocean of green. He and his colleagues analyzed videos, taken before the civil war, of elephants in the park. Traits that are beneficial in one environment may not be beneficial in another. A small proportion of females . His army farmed vegetables. Five of the six men in Zakoumas Hippotrague patrol unit were killed by elephant poachers outside the park; the sixth is presumed dead. After Lucienne Lanziwas husband died in an LRA attack on Garamba, she got a modest stipend. Around us stroll Ugandan army soldiers, who make up the entire African Union contingent based in Obo and are committed to finding and killing Kony. Killings of civilians have likewise dropped, from 1,252 in 2009 to 13 in 2014, but abductions are rising again, and it takes the arrival of only a few of the armed militants to send fear ricocheting through communities. So why elephants? When the American Museum of Natural History wanted to update the hall of North American mammals, taxidermist George Dante got the call. This ideathat an animal's perception of danger . In . My interpretation, says Jean Marc Froment, then director of the park, is that the Ugandan military is conducting operations inside Garamba and at the same time taking some ivory. But, he adds, the poachers could be SPLA, which uses the same type of helicopter seen over the park. From March 2014 to March 2015, Garambas rangers recorded 31 contacts with armed poachers, more than half of whom were with groups traveling south from the direction of South Sudan and Sudan. They had nowhere to run." Arent you interested in peace talks?. Chad. Father Ernest Sugule, who ministers to the village, tells me that many children in his diocese have seen family members killed by the Lords Resistance Army, or LRA, the Ugandan rebel group led by Joseph Kony, one of Africas most wanted terrorists. Or will they go nowhere, discovered before theyre moved and turned in by an honest person? Written in Acholi, it details Konys order for a hundred elephant tusks. His account was corroborated by Caesar Achellam, a former intelligence chief for Kony who is now in the Ugandan governments custody. I just can't understand why anyone would want to take away any of the amazing qualities and features of an elephant. Money is available to outfit the rangers with better equipment, but buying new weapons requires formal approval of the Congolese army, something Froment has been unable to get. Campbell-Staton points out that other species in Gorongosa rely on elephants having tusks to dig up holes for water and strip bark from trees. PRODUCER: Janey Adams. only . With an average of 16 years in the bush with the LRA, the men bring a wealth of experience to the hunt for Kony and his fighters. This limited the trade of some ivory, but trade still continued across the world. So support charities who put a stop to that. "There's such a blizzard of depressing news about biodiversity and humans in the environment and I think it's important to emphasise that there are some bright spots in that picture. "And there was moonlight and I could see he had a revolver and he might have been drinking. Halfway through our patrol, we come upon a clearing of burned grass beside the Kassi River, the site of a recent battle between Garamba rangers and SPLA poachers, in which, rangers tell me, they killed two poachers. I arrive at what amounts to the park rangers northern front, an outpost vulnerable both to Sudanese poachers and Konys army. Erik Stokstad is a reporter at Science, covering environmental issues. The Central African Republic was peaceful back then. Between April 25 and June 17, poachers killed two Garamba rangers and two army . It was thanks largely to efforts by the group Invisible Children and its video Kony 2012 that Kony became a household name in the West. But a computer simulation, which examined the probability of tusked and tuskless females surviving the war, suggested the increase in tuskless females was far more likely to have resulted from selection, the team reports online today in Science. Villagers sometimes taunt returned children with the same expression used for Konys men: LRA Tongo Tongo. LRA Cut Cuta reference, Sugule explains, to the militants vicious use ofmachetes. 19/129 = 14.7%. Fifty percent of her sons will be tusked, but that other 50% would die. All rights reserved. The result was. Help News from Science publish trustworthy, high-impact stories about research and the people who shape it. CAMPBELL-STATON: You know, people during the Mozambican Civil War were not thinking about the evolution of elephants, I imagine, in the slightest. But a new study suggests there is a serious reason for why lots of tuskless elephants can now be found in the country of Mozambique in Africa - poaching. The team calculated that 18.5 percent of female elephants did not have tusks before the war began. RESEARCH: Heidi Schultz, Brad Scriber. Together we can make a difference. We'll tell you more about them Friday, on NPR's Morning Edition. They also had twice as many daughters as sons. Congos own soldiers threaten the parks southern border, and villagers around the park sometimes poach elephants too. "As a result there were large numbers of soldiers in the area and a lot of associated. Soldiers Kill Wild Elephant. Now, scientists say that drove some elephants to evolve tusklessness. "They were terrified. He was 22 years old the night in 1998 that Konys soldiers raided his village in Gulu, Uganda, and pulled him from his bed. Jensen, who was executive producer of the series, and Alex Chadwick, chief correspondent, insisted on the highest quality sound recording to complement its reporting. You did exactly what you were supposed to do, I said, shaking their hands. According to CITES Secretary-General John Scanlon, Sudan does not appear on these lists because CITES sets priorities based mainly on ivory seizures, and there have been few ivory seizures linked to Sudan in recent years. The family of Idriss Adoum (second from left) tracked one suspect to Sudan. Researchers in Mozambique found a . "During the war, Gorongosa was essentially the geographic center of the conflict," Long said via email. CORNISH: Consequences that are still continuing nearly 30 years after the war. Which raises the question: If ivory is poached by Sudanese, where is it going? But time is stalking our team: Months later, on April 25, 2015, while on patrol, the ranger who led me into Garamba, Agoyo Mbikoyo, was shot and killed by a gang of poachers. Thousands of elephants die each year so that their tusks can be carved into religious objects. Trade ivory fight for the Ugandan military: ten reasons we love,! 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