Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. Why? Why? Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. 2) Subsiding of romantic love. Exogamy implies the practice of marrying outside of one's own group. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. brideservice Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. Why? "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . The term exogamy isnt one thats thrown around in everyday conversation. 1962. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. Why? Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). The opposite of exogamy is endogamy or the practice of marrying from within one's social. Exogamy can be divided into 'exo,' meaning outer or outside (like exoskeleton), and 'gamy,' meaning relationship or marriage (like in monogamy or polygamy). All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. Create an account to start this course today. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. In such ceremonies, males are often asked to demonstrate their masculinity by showing little pain during genital surgeries or in special tests of fortitude. The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov, and Benjamin C. Wilreker. Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. In contrast, a man and woman in a more-or-less stable union not only share one set of children, but have no conflicts regarding other children to support. 2007. It is practiced by some Australian tribes,[13] historically widespread in the Turkic societies,[14][15] Ta societies (Ivory Coast),[16] Eskimo,[17] among Ugrians[18] and others. Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. migration Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. criminality For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. [1] As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. dance In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. marriage If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. Yes. High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. religion Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. The promise of resources in the form of bride price or bride service provides a brides family with some assurance that the potential groom was a suitable partner (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a). Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. anthropology dictionary This was especially important in times of war or conflict, when such alliances could mean the difference between life and death. Why? According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. matrilocal 1960. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. Why? The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). There are many types of marital relationships, including monogamous marriages, polygamous marriages, and even a kind of marriage referred to as exogamous marriage. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other. patrilocal In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. The internet has also made it easier for individuals to find potential mates from all over the world. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. 1965. 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More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. Females, by having multiple male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby. The groom, before or after the marriage, gives work services to the brides family. This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. It does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. Why? Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes.
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