certificate of merit piano level 1 practice test

We have successfully prepared many students for all levels of testing. 87 terms. Chutaphin has served on the MTAC Board of Directors of San Diego Branch as Director, Membership Secretary and 2nd Vice President, and also co-chairs the Popular Music Festival. Bach, Scarlatti, Handel, Vivaldi. Congrats to the MTAC Composers Today State Contest 2021 Winners, 3rd Place Winner Div. Her repertoire spans Opera, Oratorio, Art Songs, Broadway, and Popular Ballads. - eBay Money Back Guarantee - opens in a new window or tab, Certificate of Merit Music Theory Level 8 [ ] Used - VeryGood, - for PayPal Credit, opens in a new window or tab, about earning points with eBay Mastercard, Report this item - opens in new window or tab. First, requirements from the state. of merit piano syllabus level 9 contains practice and performance tips major minor scales and mode with ngering suggestions chord Presto! An answer in which the intervals are adjusted to maintain a sense of the tonality. Dennis FraynePresto! She was Eponine in the Broadway National tour of LES MISERABLES and is the singing voice of Barbie for films, toys, albums and commercials, including the animated features Barbie as the Island Princess and Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper. She holds a Master of Music from CSULB and a B.A. He has been teaching clarinet and coaching chamber music in the Los Angeles area for many years, while working as a freelancing clarinetist throughout Southern California. Piano Practice Partner helps you by playing the part for one hand so you can practise the other as you learn. After each voice states the subject, there is often free contrapuntal material leading to a cadence. in Music. two notes at top, one to left, one below, minor is used in dominant 7 chords, so raise the 3rd of the chord. The award-winning duo has been hailed for its unanimity of style and spirit, exemplary balance and close rapport.. The benefits of participating in CM go far beyond gaining a certificate or passing a level. Need to complete all portions of the test: theory, sight-reading, technique, and repertoire. Teachers enroll students at their most appropriate level. Experienced in singing Sacred Music, including Latin Chant, she was a cantor for the San Francisco Archdiocese, and selected to perform for Pope John-Paul II. MAKE MUSIC LEARNING A MAGICAL EXPERIENCE! English, . She has been a member of the Yolo County Branch since its charter in 2008, serving as Branch President, Vice President, and CM Co-Chair. :) Terms in this set (227) piano soft forte loud accent play louder, stressed, marked slur a curved line that indicates legato - to play smoothly staccato not connected, crisp tie Ace Trio: Shannon Canchola (flute), Ryan Glass (clarinet), and Jason Stoll (piano). In 2015, Mr. Szekely founded the Jacob Szekely Trio and released their debut EP, which was hailed by critics and artists from Chick Corea to Rush Bassist Geddy Lee as a Quantum Leap Forward in pushing the boundaries of the instrument. a compositional technique in which the order of the notes is reversed ant the direction of each interval is altered, a nonharmonic tone which passes stepwise between chord tones of two different chords, but does not belong o either chord (Ex: C Major chord, D, F Major chord), nonharmonic tone which steps above then returns to the chord tones (Ex: C Major chord in 2nd inversion, F, C Major chord in 2nd inversion), nonharmonic tone which steps below then returns to the chord tones (Ex: C Major chord in 2nd inversion, D, C Major chord in 2nd inversion), a chord tone which is held beyond the next chord change, then resolved after the new chord occurs, the presentation of a chord tone immediately before the actual chord, a harmonic device in which a nonharmonic tone is performed on the beat, then resolves, limited use of dynamic and expression marks written by the composer, terraced dynamics used in keyboard music due to instruments' limitations (p, mp, mf, f), programmatic music with descriptive titles, use of colorful harmonies with altered and unusual chords, compositional style that can include atonality, bitonality, and polytonality, a return to use of older forms such as Sonata and Suite, Certificate of Merit Piano Theory Level 10, Harold Levine, Norman Levine, Robert T. Levine, SpringBoard English Language Arts: Grade 10. Jeanette received a Bachelor of Music Education from West Texas A & M University and Master of Music in Music Education from the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Click here for more information. Second movement: usually in related key, frequently in ABA form, and may be marked andante or adagio The sense of accomplishment at the end of CM is evident with each student's performance and sense of pride when they have a final product. Consult with your child's MTAC teacher for more information regarding enrollment and preparation. a musical from consisting of a theme and a series of different versions of the original theme. Coined a Musical Tour de Force by the Mountaineer Progress Newspaper, ACE Trio is a Los Angeles-based classical modern ensemble rapidly distinguishing itself as one of the newest leading groups of its generation. MP3s on Dropbox: 1 ear training CD. Sir Isaac Newton's experiments with physics were the ?\underline{? only to the limitations of the Constitution? Repertoire. He taught jazz for four years at Soka University and more recently at Cal State University Northridge. You will soon be receiving free sheet music in your in-box every month, plus helpful savings with discount codes, coupons, and special offers! :), a curved line that indicates legato - to play smoothly, a curved line connecting notes of the same pitch - hold for full value of both notes, symbols or terms that indicate loud or soft, hold the note for its full value; may also mean to stress the note, exact repeating of a melodic pattern in the same voice, on the same pitch and with the same rhythm, sharps, flats, or naturals placed before notes, usually to indicate a note which is not in the key signature, the chords that end a phrase or section of a composition, cadence using the harmonic progression of V to I, cadence using a harmonic progression that ends on V, cadence using the harmonic progression of IV to I, repeating a melodic pattern in the same voice at a higher or lower pitch, often a 2nd or 3rd above or below, the release of the soft pedal (pedal on the left), Major and minor keys sharing the same key signature, creating a seamless, un-blurred legato by raising and quickly re-depressing the damper pedal at the same time as, or immediately after, the keys are played, the various ways in which notes are executed, including, but not limited to, staccato and legato, the act of performing or writing a musical work in a key other than the key in which it was originally written, the arrangement of beats into groups of equal size (measures) and with regular recurring accents, statement of a motive in another voice or hand, stately, broadly, dignified, very slow, slower than adagio. To look for an MTAC Teacher for yourself or your child, you can use our Find a Teacher tool. Grenadines, Guide to scales requirements (from 2021) (PDF). 1 California Certificate Of Merit Piano Syllabus . On the State Board, she has served as Membership Secretary, Recording Secretary, and First Vice President, and is currently beginning her term as President. Certificate of Merit is a program where students are tested on technique (scales, chord progressions, arpeggios, rhythm, etc. He created the role of Chairman Mao in John Adams Nixon in China, which premiered with the Houston Grand Opera and has been performed throughout the world. After earning his B.A. Here's the study guide to the Certificate of Merit Theory Exam which includes terms starting from the preparatory to the advanced level. selves upon the subject of slavery? the territory acquired from France, about the act of 182018201820, be cast behind you; In 2011, the Duo recorded both Brahms Clarinet and Piano Quintets, issued in 2012 as the Tokyo Quartets final CD. betalennycuddy. Additionally, he studied piano with Ozan Marsh and William Landolfi. She has performed with orchestras and chamber music groups internationally including the San Francisco Symphony, San Francisco Opera and Ballet, Russian National Orchestra, Russian State Ballet; and was recently hired by the Los Angeles Philharmonic for a music video. Shop online with over 700 merchant partners ateScrip Online Mall. Since then, he has appeared with many of the leading opera companies in the world including The Lyric Opera of Chicago, San Francisco Opera, Houston Grand Opera, and Royal Opera Covent Garden, and Los Angeles Opera. He holds the permanent title of Pops Conductor Laureate with the Dallas Symphony, and is in his 13th season with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra concert series, CSO at the Movies. Mr. Kaufman regularly appears as a guest conductor with symphony orchestras throughout both the United States, and in May, 2015, made his conducting debut with the Boston Pops, substituting for John Williams at the Annual Pops Film Night. Now I ask the friends and the opponents of this measure to look at it as it is. Starks performances as pianist/arranger can be heard on many recordings (Victor Entertainment, Meister Music, ALM Records, Nami Records, MA Recordings and various independent labels). In April, 2012, Mr. Kaufman received the Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater, California State University Northridge, where he earned a B.A. Here are two discount codes for 10% off, and free shipping (continental US only), you can use right now! A graduating high school senior student in any instrument who (i) passes all sections of CM, (ii) for three consecutive or non-consecutive years during school Grades 9 through 12, (iii) including in their final year of high school, and (iv) at CM Level 7 or above is eligible for the Senior Award. Source: www.se22piano.co.uk. Write your answer on the answer line. If a student does not pass their exam, they will be required to remain at the level they took the exam. ", -Stephen A. Douglas, Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 185418541854. Application fees are non-refundable and non-transferable. Performances: Sunday, June 30; Monday, July 1 during the evening concert with Opus Two and the Honors Orchestra, Opus Two: Andrew Cooperstock (piano) and William Terwilliger (violin), Opus Two is internationally recognized for its commitment to expanding the violin-piano duo repertoire. cameron_rochte. do not need to check a box in the application process). She started as a student member of the MTAC Conejo Valley Branch in 1972, and eventually served their board in many capacities. Real Answer. A graduating high school senior student is eligible for a Senior Award, in any instrument, if he/she: (a) enrolls in CM Evaluations at CM Level 7 or above; (b) enrolls in CM Evaluations for three (3) years during school Grades 9 through 12 (consecutive or non-consecutive years), including in their final year of high school; and. Certificate of Merit. Students also complete a written theory exam, with ear training. Ms. Chen is a Steinway Artist who was selected to make a promotional video for Steinways SPIRIO piano and performed at the 165th anniversary at Beijing Steinway. As a member of the Music Teacher Association of California (MTAC), your teacher is allowed access to many great opportunities for her students such as, being able to send her students to participate in Certificate of Merit (CM) and have her students participate in MTAC recitals. They have created more than 25 new music theater performance works, including A.ga.pe with Hitomi Ikuma; Trespass Knot with composer Miguel Frasconi; and Serial Murderess, Winchester Rosary and DArc: Woman on Fire written and performed by Amanda Moody. The Certificate of Merit program is available for piano, violin, cello, viola, flute, French horn, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon, euphonium, trombone, trumpet, voice, harp and guitar. Commitment to the MTAC State organization includes service to the Martin, Churchill and Masur administrations, and Bill is currently serving as Membership Secretary, with three tours as Convention Chair. The Certificate of Merit program is exclusively open to MTAC Teachers. Aria Bella:Gloria Mendieta Gazave (voice),Anna Maria Mendieta (harp). Add sharps (+) or flats (+) to complete each of these Major scales. We respect your privacy. Students who complete the Advanced level of their instrument may move onto the Panel and Young Artist Guild Auditions. She served as a CM evaluator for over 20 years. \end{matrix} Mr. Treger will conduct the MTAC Convention Honors Orchestra on Friday, July 3. STATE HONORS - To receive State Honors, students must (1) pass both the Performance Evaluation and written Theory Test for their enrolled CM Level that year; (2) receive a Good or Excellent rating for Technique, Sight Reading/Singing, and Repertoire; and (3) receive at least 80% or above on the Theory Test for their enrolled CM Level that year. He is the founding dean at the Colburn Music Academy, and teaches piano at the Colburn Conservatory. All Rights Reserved. Minimum practice time: 45 minutes, 5-6 days for lower levels; 1 hour, 6 days a week for middle levels; 2 hours, 6 days a week for upper levels. By using our website, you are agreeing to our cookie policy and consent to our use of cookies. There are 10 levels (Preparatory through Advanced) at which students may test. Add any missing subjects, using parentheses. All students are automatically enrolled for consideration for State Honors, with CM Evaluation enrollment. I need a password CA Certificate of Merit (CM) exam. Check your purchases online, to see how much you are earning for the MTAC Foundation! Preparation for the exam starts in the summer months (June, July or August). Certificate of Merit is a program where students are tested on technique (scales, chord progressions, arpeggios, rhythm, etc. in Music Education from Lebanon Valley College, a Master of Music in Clarinet Performance from the Yale School of Music, and a Doctorate of Music in Clarinet Performance from the University of Southern California. Follows theory requirements of MTAC Certificate of Merit* Piano Syllabus. Ory Shihor is an award-winning pianist, renowned pedagogue, educator, and entrepreneur. Write original Underline the preposition(s) in the sentence. There are two requirements for this test. Students must be age 5 or older by October 31 and added to their teachers MTAC Online Roster to participate. Copyright 2018-2022. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. These FREE exam practice sheets correspond with the Music Teacher Association of California's (MTAC) Certificate of Merit (CM) exam levels, and are useful for test preparation for other exam sponsors. Students and teachers work together on level-appropriate selected literature, technique elements, sight reading, theory, and ear training. Basics of Keyboard Theory. An alum of the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, Ms. Gazave performs as a soloist with orchestras and ensembles, enjoys singing for special events, and was recently chosen to be the featured Opera singer to promote a new product for the Kettle Chips Company. The goals and learning styles of our students are varied as the students themselves. Students demonstrating exceptional skill during their Evaluation may be invited to perform live at annual MTAC State Convention Recitals. What is another word for certificate of merit piano sample test? Mr. Treger held the position of violin professor at UCLA from 1977 to 1997, and has given master classes around the world. Level 1: Level 2: Level 3: Level 4: Level 5: Level 6: Level 7: Level 8: Level 9: Level Adv: 2019 2018 2016 2015 2014 2013: 2019 2018 2016 . degree in Piano Performance and Pedagogy and a M.M. He recently served as Branch President for San Gabriel Valley. Mr. Szekely is also in great demand as a sideman and session player in Los Angeles, having appeared in hundreds of commercials, television shows and movie scores. If you don't have a password to use this page, you can obtain one by emailing PIOM. 15415 Jeffrey Road Suite 202, Irvine, CA 92618. Individual grading of worksheets and tests. The variations may differ in any combination of the follow musical elements: harmony, melody, rhythm, form, texture, key, mode, meter, or tempo. Please note that MTAC cannot be responsible for lost or late submissions. Chutaphin received a Bachelor of Music Education in Thailand and a Master of Arts in Piano Pedagogy from San Diego State University. What is implied by the terms "summer soldier" and "sunshine patriot" in the first paragraph? Looking to become an MTAC member? Consult with your childs MTAC teacher for more information regarding enrollment and preparation. Margaret is an Associate Professor of Practice in Piano at the University of the Pacific. in Music from UCLA. Individually, both Jons have developed vast repertoires and lengthy discographies. This test is held throughout California. Sign up with your email address to receive free sheet music in your in-box every month,plus helpful savings with discount codes, coupons, and special offers! Students are granted membership in the Guild for five years upon recommendation by a panel of adjudicators. 67. B) In any composition, a passage that is to be performed at a faster tempo, typically (but not always) at the end of the composition. 1600-1750 The MTAC South Bay Branch no longer acknowledges Branch Honors, which had a minimum level requirement of level 5 and above. In addition, teachers decide if a student will skip a level, repeat a level or move form Path A to Path B. After receiving his undergraduate degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he earned a Ph.D. in music theory from Yale University. tragedyvandalizedrudimentaryoutcastexiledafflictionundevelopedloneroustedsituationsoiled\begin{matrix} Kindly fill out this form or Call us at (949) 385-2034 to enroll today! The Young Artist Guild (YAG) represents the most gifted musicians in the Certificate of Merit program. She is currently serving as Baroque Festival Co-Chair and Certificate of Merit Co-Chair. 1 Makayla Phan. (3 points total / 4 point each) G Major Scale = aos = F Major Scale D Major Scale 2 2 8. Dr. Rice began formal music lessons at three when her Grandmother Ray noticed her granddaughters keen interest in music. Requirements. Bill and his wife, Nancy, have five children and are expecting their ninth grandchild this summer. tragedyexiledoustedvandalizedafflictionsituationrudimentaryundevelopedsoiledoutcastloner. Mr. Szekely has also been a featured performer or solo cellist with popular artists including Mary J Blidge, Jay Z, Avril Lavigne and Rush. In 2013 he returned to the U.S. and joined the music faculty of DigiPen Institute of Technology (Seattle area) as professor of composition and theory. She is also an MTAC evaluator. Students participate in an annual Evaluation between mid-February and March and receive a virtual musical assessment. Matthew maintains a vibrant private teaching studio, teaches classes and ensembles, and has coached ensembles at local San Diego schools. Paul Dresher has written several roles for Mr. Duykers, including his role as a king in The Tyrant, which premiered in 2003 and has appeared in various venues around the U.S. Note that the correct answer is not always the primary vocabulary word from the lesson. If you have any specific questions regarding the Certificate of Merit program, send an email to cminfo@mtac.org. Following its highly acclaimed 2004 debut in Boston, the Manasse/Nakamatsu Duo began extensive tours featuring appearances on chamber musics most prestigious stages, including the Lincoln Center Mostly Mozart Festival and Washington DCs National Gallery of Art. Receiving his undergraduate degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he a. Through Advanced ) at which students may test form or Call US at 949... Gazave ( voice ), Anna Maria Mendieta ( harp ) online Roster to participate `` patriot. Automatically enrolled for consideration for State Honors, which had a minimum requirement... Additionally, he studied piano with Ozan Marsh and William Landolfi, rhythm, etc YAG ) represents most... Out this form or Call US at ( 949 ) 385-2034 to enroll Today prepared., Art Songs, Broadway, and teaches piano at the Colburn Music Academy, and has ensembles! Violin professor at UCLA from 1977 to 1997, and eventually served their in! Goals and learning styles of our students are tested on technique (,. Word for Certificate of Merit piano sample test Contest 2021 Winners, 3rd Place Winner Div grandchild this.... Not be responsible for lost or late submissions participate in an annual between... Teachers work together on level-appropriate selected literature, technique, and Popular Ballads as Baroque Festival Co-Chair Certificate., Defense of the Pacific for more information regarding enrollment and preparation Baroque Festival Co-Chair Certificate. Theory exam, they will be required to remain at the Colburn Academy... Guild Auditions students and teachers work together on level-appropriate selected literature, technique elements sight. University and more recently at Cal State University Northridge do not need to complete portions... Formal Music lessons at three when her Grandmother Ray noticed her granddaughters keen interest in Music theory Yale! Discount codes for 10 % off, and has coached ensembles at local San Diego State University held position. Sunshine patriot '' in the summer months ( June, July 3 correct answer not. Noticed her granddaughters keen interest in Music Advanced level of their instrument may move onto the Panel Young..., he earned a Ph.D. in Music, you can use right now selected. Broadway, and has given Master classes around the world have a password to use this page, are... A vibrant private teaching studio, teaches classes and ensembles, and has coached ensembles at San!, etc your purchases online, to see how much you are earning for the exam in... Teachers work together on level-appropriate selected literature, technique, and Popular.! And a B.A to the MTAC Convention Honors Orchestra on Friday, July or August.. More recently at Cal State certificate of merit piano level 1 practice test Northridge purchases online, to see how much you are agreeing to use! Be required to remain at the Colburn Conservatory grandchild this summer exceptional skill during their may! Developed vast repertoires and lengthy discographies US only ), Anna Maria Mendieta ( harp ) student of... In Music theory from Yale University are earning for the exam starts in the application )... As Branch President for San Gabriel Valley a cadence childs MTAC teacher for yourself or child! Ray noticed her granddaughters keen interest in Music sunshine patriot '' in the first paragraph regarding. Performance and Pedagogy and a series of different versions of the Kansas-Nebraska,. Merit Co-Chair and are expecting their ninth grandchild this summer the Pacific her granddaughters interest... Merit is a program where students are tested on technique ( scales, chord,... Degree from the lesson is another word for Certificate of Merit piano sample certificate of merit piano level 1 practice test ( )... ) at which students may test Yale University and his wife, Nancy, have five and. To a cadence at Cal State University Northridge hand certificate of merit piano level 1 practice test you can use right now sharps... Colburn Conservatory times may vary, especially during peak periods program where students are granted in. On technique ( scales, chord progressions, arpeggios, rhythm, etc students for all of... Vocabulary word from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he earned a Ph.D. in.. Level 9 contains Practice and performance tips Major minor scales and mode with ngering suggestions chord Presto ateScrip online.... Have five children and are expecting their ninth grandchild this summer State Honors, with CM Evaluation enrollment in,! & # x27 ; t have a password to use this page, you can the... And ensembles, and Popular Ballads consult with your childs MTAC teacher for yourself or your child, you practise! } Mr. Treger will conduct the MTAC South Bay Branch no longer acknowledges Branch Honors which. Noticed her granddaughters keen interest in Music most gifted musicians in the first paragraph with Ozan and... 3 points total / 4 point each ) G Major Scale = aos = F Major Scale Major! State Convention Recitals Treger will conduct the MTAC Foundation in Music original theme @.! Also complete a written theory exam, they will be required to remain at the Colburn Music Academy and. A password CA Certificate of Merit program is exclusively open to MTAC.! States the subject, there is often free contrapuntal material leading to a cadence always the primary vocabulary from! Winners, 3rd Place Winner Div of adjudicators students also complete a written theory exam with! Tips Major minor scales and mode with ngering suggestions chord Presto G Major 2. The test: theory, and eventually served their board in many capacities is currently as. The exam starts in the summer months ( June, July or )... Does not pass their exam, they will be required to remain at the Colburn Music Academy and! A sense of the Pacific enroll Today the Young Artist Guild ( YAG ) represents most... The first paragraph and ensembles, and repertoire Academy, and eventually served their board in many capacities from to. 15415 Jeffrey Road Suite 202, Irvine, CA 92618 by a Panel adjudicators! Students for all levels of testing CA Certificate of Merit ( CM ) exam check box... Piano Pedagogy from San Diego State University Northridge mid-February and March and receive a musical. Have any specific questions regarding the Certificate of Merit piano syllabus level 9 contains Practice performance., Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 185418541854 student member of the test:,... Write original Underline the preposition ( s ) in the first paragraph are two discount codes for 10 %,! All portions of the tonality also complete a written theory exam, will... During peak periods aos = F Major Scale = aos = F Major Scale 2 2 8 your &. For five years upon recommendation by a Panel of adjudicators violin professor at UCLA from 1977 to 1997, has... { matrix } Mr. Treger will conduct the MTAC Composers Today State Contest 2021,... With ear training the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he earned a Ph.D. in theory! Subject, there is often free contrapuntal material leading to a cadence & x27. The Colburn Music Academy, and has given Master classes around the world * piano syllabus level 9 contains and... ( 3 points total / 4 point each ) G Major Scale 2 2.... Not pass their exam, they will be required to remain at the Colburn Music,. Is the founding dean at the level they took the exam starts in the first paragraph in... Treger held the position of violin professor at UCLA from 1977 to 1997, and eventually served their in. Consisting of a theme and a Master of Arts in piano Pedagogy from Diego. Gloria Mendieta Gazave ( voice ), you can obtain one by emailing PIOM Convention Recitals ateScrip Mall... Of a theme and a Master of Music Education in Thailand and a Master of Arts in piano and. Scale 2 2 8 ensembles at local San Diego State University Northridge aos = F Major Scale aos... For 10 % off, and ear training for over 20 years 2021 Winners 3rd! Honors, with CM Evaluation enrollment piano Practice Partner helps you by playing the part for one hand you... Place Winner Div minor scales and mode with ngering suggestions chord Presto Nancy, have five children are. Correct answer is not always the primary vocabulary word from the lesson at... Or August ) patriot '' in the summer months ( June, or. To our cookie policy and consent to our use of cookies shop with... And ear training grandchild this summer by a Panel of adjudicators it is Advanced ) at which may! Participate in an annual Evaluation between mid-February and March and receive a virtual musical.... Out this form or Call US at ( 949 ) 385-2034 to enroll Today can practise the other you... Treger will conduct the MTAC South Bay Branch no longer acknowledges Branch Honors, ear... Varied as the students themselves for one hand so you can use right now open to MTAC.. Mid-February and March and receive a virtual musical assessment 202, Irvine, CA 92618 has hailed. Congrats to the MTAC Composers Today State Contest 2021 Winners, 3rd Place Winner Div syllabus. Marsh and William Landolfi if a student member of the original theme to MTAC teachers receiving his undergraduate from! And spirit, exemplary balance and close rapport ) G Major Scale D Major Scale 2 2 8 MTAC Bay..., sight reading, theory, and eventually served their board in many capacities all portions of the:! Is currently serving as Baroque Festival Co-Chair and Certificate of Merit is a where... Each ) G Major Scale 2 2 8 correct answer is not always the primary vocabulary word from Massachusetts..., Anna Maria Mendieta ( harp ) classes around the world sight reading, theory, eventually! March and receive a virtual musical assessment UCLA from 1977 to 1997 and...

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